In the next stage the carbon fragments are oxidized over a platinum/rhodium catalyst. In the first stage the nitrogen oxides are reduced using a platinum catalyst, which facilitates their decomposition into nitrogen and oxygen. There are three components to a typical modern catalytic converter: one to effect the reduction of nitrogen oxides, another to facilitate the oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, and the third to maintain the correct abundance of oxygen. As this sample paragraph indicates, coherence and cohesion in a paragraph is established by combining more than one device. In the paragraph below, words and phrases that serve to increase the coherence of the paragraph are highlight and underlined. With verbal bridges, key words or synonymous words can be repeated, pronouns can replace nouns and transition words (as shown below) can be used. With logical bridges, the same idea of a topic is carried over (repeated) from sentence to sentence, and successive sentences can be constructed in parallel form. If these types of devices are missing in the text, it not only becomes more difficult to read the text, but also to understand its contents since the reader must guess how the various parts of the paragraph or text are connected, which will involve re-reading sentences or larger sections more than once. One way to do this is through the use of cohesive devices: logical bridges (repetition), verbal bridges (synonyms), linking words, and clear back referencing. Coherence is about the unity of the ideas and cohesion the unity of structural elements. However, when you are finished, you’ll see that it was worth the effort.Ĭoherence and cohesion are essential for aiding readability and idea communication. writing is a process, which can take a long time and involve many obstacles.

words/phrases to link ideas between sentences for smooth transitionĮ.g.

In the first stage, an idea can be generated by using a mind-map and some discussion. There are three stages to the pre-writing process: one to effect the generation of ideas, another to facilitate an action plan, and the third to research the information to be included in your text.

key words/phrases might be repeated in a number of sentences, or synonyms utilised instead to avoid exact repetition.Į.g.verbal bridges (back referencing/linking words).In the next stage, a clear plan of action can be produced in the form of a list.

successive sentences are constructed in parallel formĮ.g. carry the same idea of a topic over from sentence to sentence, i.e.logical bridges (parallel construction).Connect ideas, sentences and paragraphs using a variety of cohesive devices:

Coherence writing examples